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hear of/ hear from/ hear
hear of表示“听人说起”、“听说过”,侧重于间接听说;
hear from表示“收到……的来信”、“收到……的来电”,后面接指人的名词或代词;
hear表示“听见”、“听到”,后面接名词、代词或宾语从句。
[EXERCISES]
①I that our team won.
②I my brother twice a month.
③I her death last week.
④Can you some birds singing?
(Keys:①heard ②hear from ③heard of ④hear)
l holiday(holidays),leave, vacation 这三个词都有“假日(期)”的意思,l 但含义用法并不l 相同l 。
holiday(holidays)一般指“休假”
Tom and I are going to have a holiday. 我和汤姆准备去度假。
I've already had my holidays this year. 我今年已经度过假了。
During a holiday in Sweden, I found this note on my car.
在瑞典度假期间,我在我的车子上发现了这张字条。
Postcards always spoil my holidays. 明信片总是弄得我过不好假日。
My holidays passed quickly, but I did not send any cards to my friends.
我的假日过的很快,但是我一张明信片也没有寄给朋友。
注:have a (或one's)holiday 度假,during a holiday 在一次假期中。这种用法的holiday 总用单数形式,但并不只是“一天”假。 复数形式的holidays 泛指“假日”,如summer holidays 暑假。但“Sunday is a holiday ”中的holiday 却是“一天”的假。
leave 指“请假”,被批准后离开自己的工作的一段时间
He stays at home on sick leave. 他请了病假呆在家里。
He asked for a six months' leave. 他请了6个月的假。
vacation 在英国指大学的寒暑假或法定不工作的日子,美国可指任何假日(期)
The students are planning how to spend their summer vacation.
这些大学生在计划着怎样过暑假。
Mr. Fuller is on vacation now. 费勒先生在度假。
honour homage reverence deference
都含“尊敬”、“敬意”的意思。
honour 指“普遍承认或钦佩某人的人格、事迹等因而受到的尊敬”, 如:
in hono(u)r of the martyred dead 向死难烈士致敬。
homage 指“以诚恳恭敬的态度表示敬意” 如:
They bowed in homage to the Unknown Soldiers. 他们向无名烈士墓鞠躬致敬。
reverence指“崇敬”, 如
He held her in reverence. 他崇敬她。
deference指“听从长者、上司、或值得尊重的人表现出的尊敬”, 如:
Do you treat your parents and teachers with deference? 你对父母师长尊敬吗?
hurt; injure; wound; cut
hurt为普通用语,既可指肉体上的伤害(可被badly, slightly, seriously等修饰),也可指精神上、感情上的伤害(被very much/rather/deeply修饰),多指伤痛。如:
I hurt my leg badly in the football match.在那场足球赛中,我的腿受了重伤。
He felt rather hurt at your words.你的话使他很难过。
injure比hurt正式,主要指意外事故中损害健康、容貌等,强调功能的损失。如:
A bullet injured his left eye.一颗子弹伤了他的左眼。
wound指枪伤、刀伤、刺伤等皮肉之伤,是出血的、严重的伤,尤其指用武器有意造成的伤口、伤疤或战场上受伤。也可指人们精神上的创伤。如:
The thief wounded him with a knife.那小偷用刀刺伤了他。
You have wounded his pride.你伤害了他的自尊心。
cut指无意中造成的轻伤。如:
How did you get that cut on your hand﹖你手上的伤口是怎么弄的?
I
identical,alike,resemble
identical adj.指同一个人或物时,表示“同一的”,可以与same互换。在描写两个或两个以上人或物时,表示“完全一样的”。
alike adj.常作表语,表示在外表、性格或品质等方面几乎相同。
resemble v.指看起来象。
A.After the earthquake the city ___ a battle field.
B.The interests of both parties mayn ot be ____,but they do overlap considerably.
C.You and your father don’t look very much ____.
D.This gun is ____ to the one which the murderer used.
Answers: A. resembled B. identical C. alike D. identical
illness;sickness;disease三者均有“病或疾病”之意。
disease 具体指身体上发生的任何不适或疾病,可引申为某种“弊端”,如:heart disease “心脏病”; disease of society“社会弊端”等。
sickness 和 illness 可指任何疾病或不适。但在英国,用法有些区别:sickness 多用来指恶心、呕吐之类的疾病及因某种外因引出的疾病;
illness主要用于因人体内部的虚弱或失调引起的疾病。在时间上,短时的, 病痛多用 sickness,较长时间的病痛多用 illness。例如:
He suffered from mountain sickness. 他患有高山病。
The child has suffered from illness for two years. 这孩子已经病了两年了。
Rough seas caused much sickness among the passengers. 汹涌的海浪使许多乘客感到恶心。
increase(decrease)…by;increase(decrease)…to
与increase,decrease搭配时,by表示数量增加或减少的幅度,即在原有的基础上“增加或减少了多少”;to则表示“增加或减少到多少”。试比较:
The production cost of these trucks has decreased by one third compared to last year.
与去年相比,这些卡车的生产成本降低了三分之一。
The population of India has increased to one billion.印度的人口已经增加到了十亿。
in all; at all; after all
in all意为“总共”,既可放在句首,也可放在句末。如:
There are 25,000 Inuit in all.(=In all, there are 25,000 Inuit.) 这儿共有25,000因努伊特人。
after all意为“毕竟”。表示“和预期相反”常放在句末;用来提醒不要忘记某个重要的结论或理由,一般放在句首。后者也可译为“要记住,别忘了”。如:
I thought he was going to help us, but he didn’t after all. 我以为他会帮助我们的,但他终究没有帮我们。
After all your birthday is only two weeks away. 别忘了,再过两周就是你的生日了。
at all用在否定句或本身带不肯定意义的肯定句中,以加强语气,意为“根本;竟然”。如:
I don’t agree with you at all.我根本不同意你的意见。
I was surprised at his coming at all. 我很奇怪,他竟然来了。(本来我以为他不会来的。)
in the morning;on the morning of
按英语的习惯用法,in the morning(afternoon/evening)表示“在早上(下午)晚上”之意,而on the morning(afternoon/evening)of则表示“在某个具体的一天的早上(下午/晚上)”之意,试比较:
1)He often reads English and Chinese in the morning. 他常在早上朗读英语和语文。
2)At 5∶13 on the morning of April 18th,1906,the city of San Francisco was shaken by a terrible earthquake.
1906年4月18日早晨5点13分,旧金山市发生了一次可怕的地震。
in the way; in a way; in no way; on the way
in the way 意为“挡道;妨碍(某人)”。如:
Tell the boy not to stand in the way.叫那个男孩别挡道碍事。
in a way 意为“用某种方法(做某事)”。名词way前面常有形容词或this/that修饰。如:
He worked out the problem in a simple way.他用简单的方法算出了这道题。
In this way over several days the artist and his mouse became good friends.
就这样一连过了好几天,艺术家和他的老鼠成了好朋友。
注意:如果in a way单独使用,way前不加任何修饰语,意为“在某种程度上;在某些方面(某一点上)”。
如: The article is well written in a way.从某种程度上来说,这篇文章写得不错。
in no way 意为“决不;一点也不”,常用来加强语气。如:
They are in no way similar to each other.他们毫无相似之处。
on the way 意为“在途中”,其后常接to,表示“在去某地或做某事的路上”。如:
He lost his ticket on the way to the cinema.他在去电影院的路上把票弄丢了。
J
just/just now
它们都有“刚”的意思,都与时间有关。
just表示“刚,刚刚”。多与完成时态连用。
如:I've just borrowed a picture-book.我刚借了一本图画书。
just now表示“刚才”,强调过去的动作,所以与一般过去时态连用。
如:She ate a big apple jus tnow.她刚才吃了一个大苹果。
K
knock…into;knock into;knock down;knock at/on
knock…into…意为“把……插/撞/敲/打入……中”。如:
Then they knocked a stick into the earth. 然后他们把木棒插入泥土中。
knock into意为“撞在……上”。into是介词,只能位于其宾语前。如:
Look out!Don’t knock into others. 小心!别撞到别人身上。
knock down意为“撞倒、打倒”。down为副词,宾语是名词时,down可位于名词前或后?宾语是人称代词时,down必须位于宾语后。如:
The car knocked the house down(=knocked down the house).小汽车把房子给撞倒了。
Be careful with the little trees.Don’t knock them down. 注意小树,不要把它们撞倒了。
knock at/on意为轻轻而有节奏地“敲”。它常用来表示“敲门/窗”等。如:
Who is knocking at the door﹖ 谁在敲门?
Knock on the window pane; they may be in. 敲一下玻璃窗,他们或许在里面。
L
late; lately; later; latest
late可作形容词或副词,意为“迟(的);晚(的)”。如:
He often comes late for school.他上学常迟到。
They were late for the film.他们看电影迟到了。
lately是副词,意为“最近;近来”相当于recently,常与现在完成时连用。如:
I haven’t heard from him lately.我最近没收到他的来信。
later为late的比较级,意为“较迟的(地)”。另外,还可用作副词,意为“后来”。如:
He goes home later than anybody.他回家比谁都晚。
See you later.回头见。
latest为late的最高级,意为“最迟的(地)”;也相当于newest,意为“最新的”。如:
I go to bed latest in the family.我是家里睡觉最迟的。
Here is the latest news from a broad.下面是来自国外的最新消息。
like;as
二者都可以用作连词,作“像……一样”解,但like多用于非正式的美国英语里,as用于较为正式的场合。此外as从句中的谓语部分可以省略,而like从句中则不能省略谓语。如:
Please do the experiment as Mr Li(does). 请像李先生那样做实验。(does可以省略)
The fish doesn’t taste like(as)it should. 那鱼的味道不应该是那样的。
二者用作介词时,as强调同类属或完全像,往往指本身就是;like侧重于比较,本身不是。如:
He works like a waiter. 他像侍者那样工作。(本身不是侍者)
He works as a waiter. 他做侍者工作。(本身是侍者)
l likely; probable; possible
这三个词都表示“可能”,但possible和probable是形容词,只能修饰事、物;而likely既是形容词又是副词,可以修饰物,也可以修饰人。同时likely语气最强,probable次之,possible最弱。如:
The USA is likely to carry out another attack on Iraq with the excuse of fighting terrorism.
美国很可能以打击恐怖主义为借口,再次对伊拉克进行攻击。
It’s possible but not probable / likely that he will stick to his incorrect proposal.
他也许会坚持他的错误主张,但可能性不大。
living alive live 意思都含“活的”。
living 用于生物时, 指“活着的”, 如:
Shelly was still living when Keats died. 济慈死时, 雪莱还在世。
alive 指“活着的”、“在世的”, 着重于状态, 它用作表语, 或放有名词或代词后作定语, 如:
The spy was caught alive though he died from wounds the next day.
特务被活捉, 不过第二天便因重伤而死。
live 只用于物, 指“活的”, 如:
a live rat一只活鼠。
live on; live by
live on意为“以……为主食”;“靠……过活”后接表示“食物”、“人”、“收入”等的词。如:
The soldiers lived on wild plants. 那些士兵靠吃野菜为生。
The whole family lived on the earnings of the two sisters.全家靠两姐妹挣钱过日子。
live by意为“靠……(手段)谋生”,后常接表示“获得经济手段”的名词或-ing形式。如:
Writers live by their pens while fishermen live by fishing. 作家靠笔谋生而渔夫以捕鱼为生。
luggage; baggage
两者都表示“行李”,均是不可数名词。luggage属英式英语,是随身携带行李的总称;baggage属美式英语,是各种行李的总称。询问行李的多少,用how much引导疑问句;指行李的件数,需与a piece of或an article of连用。例如:
two pieces of luggage/baggage 两件行李
three articles of luggage/baggage 三件行李
How much baggage/luggage does she have?她有多少行李?
M
manage;try
manage to do sth.暗含succeed in doing sth.之意,指“(经过努力和克服困难之后)将某事做成”,即经过努力达到了目的,重点在于结果,后接动词不定式,不接v-ing。例如:
He managed to finish the work in time. 他总算按时完成了任务。
Do you think you can manage to get us some tickets? 你看能想办法给我们搞几张票吗?
try to do sth.指“设法或试图”做某事,强调要做某事或尽力做某事(但不一定成功)。例如:
She will try to learn English. 她要设法学会英语。
Try not to be late again. 注意别再迟到了。
try doing sth.的意思是“(用某种方法)试一试或试试看”,指“试”的方法或方式,看看情况会怎样或结果是否满意。例如:
Try knocking at the back door if nobody answers you at the front door. 如果前门没人应,试着敲敲后门。
He tried sending her flowers,but it didn’t have any effect. 他试着给她送花,但无济于事。
meet;meet with
meet可作“遇见”、“迎接”解。
meet with表示“遇见”、“碰到”时,常含有“偶尔”的意思(=come across,come upon)。此外,meet with还可表示“遭遇”或“经历”的意思。在美国英语中,meet with还可以表示“会见”。
I often meet her on the street.
She said she had to go to the station to meet her uncle.
I have met with this word many times in my reading.
You should not lose heart when you meet with difficulty in learning a foreign language.
The department head met with her in his office.
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