六、非谓语动词
非谓语动词包括不定式、动名词和分词。否定形式在前面加not。
(一)不定式：to +动词原形
简单句中如果已经有一个动词做谓语，那么再有一个动词就要在这个动词前加to做不定式。不定式在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语、定语、状语等。
To see is to believe.(眼见为实)
有时用it做形式主语，真正的主语放在句子最后。
It only took us a year to finish the work.
Once you get into the habit of smoking, you’ll find it extremely difficult to get out of it.(get into the habit 养成……习惯)
She likes to play basketball this afternoon.
The important thing is to save people.
Not to grasp firmly is not to grasp at all.(不定式的否定放在to的前面)
She was the first person to think of the idea. (think of 想起)
He is always the first to come and last to leave the office.
I have nothing to say on the problem.
They warned him not to let out the secret.(let out 泄露)
We are all happy to hear of the good news.
Let’s hurry so as not to be late for the meeting. (so as to do sth. 以便为了做某事)
如果not不是放在to的前面，那么它不是否定不定式而是否定整个句子。
They didn’t warn him to let out the secret.
They warn him not to let out the secret.
(一)不定式：to +动词原形
不定式在let, have, make (让, 使), see, look at, notice, hear, listen to, feel 等后面作宾语补足语时to 应省略，在被动语态中to应保留。
The coach has the team practice hard every night in the past two years.
I saw a man come into the classroom and talk with the teacher.
Don’t forget to have him come tonight.
We felt the house shake.
The house was felt to shake.
Someone was heard to come up the stairs.
在help 后， 不定式可以带to 也可以不带to.
Help me (to) get him to bed.
He help her lift the box.
He helped her to mount the bike.
She was helped to lift the box.
当不定式和其修饰的词有动宾关系时，动词如果是不及物动词，后面就要有必要加介词。
There is nothing to worry about.
Is this something to be ashamed of ?
I need a pen to write with.
Give me some paper to write on.
Let’s find a room to put the things in.
2.不定式的逻辑主语
不定式前面可以加for 或of引导的短语作逻辑主语，说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的，或不定式指的是谁的情况。
It is a great honor for us to be present at this party.
It will be a mistake for us not to help them.
It is hard for one to do a bit of good.
在某些形容词如kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, considerate, rude, naughty, impolite等作表语时，用of引导短语。
It’s kind of you to let me use your dictionary.
It’s unwise of them to turn down the proposal.(turn down 拒绝)
It’s very nice of you to attend our party tonight.
3.不定式的完成式、进行式、被动式
当不定式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生时，不定式要用完成式: to have +过去分词;当不定式的动作与谓语所表示的动作同时发生时，不定式要用进行时：to be+现在分词;当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式要用被动式：to be+过去分词。完成式意味着不定式的动作发生在谓语动作之前，如果是进行时意味着不定式的动作和谓语动作同时发生，当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式要用被动式。
I’m sorry to have given you so much trouble.
I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.
They seemed to be satisfied with the result.
This is the day not to be forgotten.
He wanted the letter to be typed at once.
They seem to be getting along quite well.
He pretended to be sleeping when his mother came in.
在有些结构中，不定式的逻辑主语虽然是不定式所表示的动作的承受者，不定式仍用主动形式
We have a lot of work to do.
Give me something to eat.
They found the book hard to understand.
He has no one to take care of. (take care 照顾、照料)
没有什么人需要他照顾。
He has no one to take care of him.没有谁照顾他。
一个简单句同时出现两个动词时，在后面的动词前加to。使意动词和感观动词主动语态前不加to。不定式的完成式、进行式、被动式的概念。
不定式在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语(主要是目的状语)、宾语补足语。
1.“Where do you suggest going?”
“We promised _______ the children to the West Lake.”
A. taking B. to take C. taken D. took
(suggest doing sth.或suggest that +(should)动词原型)
(Where do you suggest that we should go?)\
(答案 B)
2.The city government must take action ________ the increasing population.
A. to control B. controlling C. controls D. controlled
(答案 A)
3.Pessimists warn us not _________ for pretty colors, since the car will come in gray.
A. ask B. asking C. to ask D. to be asked
(答案 C)
考生应特别注意在主动语态中，不定式在let, make , have(使，让), see, hear 等词后面作宾语补足语时，to 应省略，但在被动语态中to 应保留。
1.The workers asked the factory owner to let him go.
2.The children were made to repeat their parents’ words for several times.
1. “I’m sorry. Were you speaking to me ?”
“Yes, I was. Would you please _________ in this room?”
A. not to smoke B. not smoke
C. no smoking D. no smoke
would you please+动词原型
答案 B
2. There was nothing they could do ______ calmly.
A. but wait B. only to wait
C. except waiting D. unless they waited
nothing they can do but do sth.
答案 A
3. Mr. Smith doesn’t want _______ what to buy.
A. his wife tell him B. for his wife to tell him
C. his wife to tell him D. that his wife tells him
答案 C
4. Many parents allow their children _______ own decisions.
A. making their B. making the
C. to make their D. to make the
答案 C
5. “How can Mary get her money back?”
“I advised ______ to the manager.”
A. her speak B. her to speak
C. that she speaks D. a speech by her
答案 B
advise that+虚拟语气
I advise that she should speak to the manager.
6. “My brother says he won’t help us.”
“Oh, perhaps I can persuade him _______.”
A. to help B. helping C. for helping D. that he helps
答案 A
7. Don’t make him _______ it if he doesn’t want to .
A. do B. to do C. doing D. that he do
答案 A
8. “Where are you going?”
“To help the neighbors _______ the dinner party.”
A. to get ready B. get ready for
C. getting ready for D. by getting ready
get ready for 为……准备
答案 B
9. “Can you ride a horse ?”
“No. I never had the chance ______.”
A. for learning B. for learning how
C. how to learn it D. to learn how
答案 D
10. I haven’t got a chair _______.
A. to sit B. to sit on C. for me to sit D. for sitting
答案 B
(二)动名词：动词原形+ing (构成方法与现在分词相同)
1.动名词的用法
动名词在句子中可以作主语、表语、定语、宾语等。
Traveling abroad can be very exciting.(主语)
(主语是物用exciting，主语是人用excited。(I'm excited.))
Seeing is believing.
What he likes is playing chess after supper.
He hasn't much hope of realizing his wish.
She is afraid of going out alone at night. (be afraid of 害怕做某事)
As the three-day conference is coming to an end, the chairman is busy preparing the closing speech.(be busy doing 忙于做某事)
They don't approve of his way of looking at things.
(approve of 赞成)
在句型It is no use / useless / useful / senseless, It is no good, It is worthwhile, It is a waste of time 等中，作主语的必须是动名词。
It is no use crying now. Let's try to think out a way to solve the problem.(think out 想出……)
It's no good waiting outside. Let's walk home.
It's waste of time arguing about it.
Though it may take some time, it is worthwhile trying.
同样的结构在句子中作形式宾语和宾语补足语时，真正的宾语也必须用动名词
I don't think it good waiting for him now. Let's do our homework.
We agree it worthwhile trying it again.
She found it useless arguing with her parents about her marriage.
He thought it absolutely useless attempting the impossible.
Do you consider it good trying again?
2.动名词作宾语
1)动名词作介词的宾语。
They're all opposed (objected ) to putting the meeting off.(oppose to 反对…… to是介词 put off 推迟)
I've been looking forward to attending the party for a long time.
(look forward to 盼望做某事)
She is afraid of falling behind the others.
be afraid of: 害怕做某事，害怕发生某种后果;be afraid to do sth.：不敢做某事。I'm afraid to go back home, for I can't pass the exam.
I don't feel like eating anything.
They prefer driving to walking. (prefer doing to doing)
She hurried back to school for fear of missing too many lessons.
(fear of 害怕)
The child is accustomed to sleeping alone.be accustomed to 习惯
注意used to和be used to, get used to的区别。used to 后面接动词原形，表示"过去经常干某事"， be used to 和 get used to 后面接名词、代词、动名词，表示"习惯于某事"。
I used to be a teacher in this school.
She didn't use to recite so many new words a day.
My sister is used to walking to school alone.
My mother wasn't used to living in the city when she was alive.
2)动名词作动词的宾语
有些动词， finish, stand(容忍), avoid, suggest, can't help, mind, admit, enjoy, delay, practice, consider, deny, keep (on), insist on, give up, have difficulty / trouble (in)等，后面必须接动名词(不能接不定式)作宾语。
Would you mind filling out the form?
I haven't finish doing my homework.
I enjoy walking along the river bank after supper.
As the price of the computer keeps (on) going down, more and more families can afford it.
The girl insists on living alone .
有些动词，如remember, forget, need, want, try, mean, regret, stop, go on等，后面既可以接不定式又可接动名词作宾语，但两种结构意义上有差别。
I remember seeing you once somewhere.(remember doing 记得过去的事情)
Please remember to bring the book next time when you come to my home.(remember to do sth. 记得要做的事情)
I regret not listening to your advice. (regret doing sth. 后悔做过某事)
I regret to inform you that you're dismissed from the company.(regret to do sth. 对未发生的事情感到遗憾)
I'll never forget seeing the Great Wall for the first time. (forget doing 忘记过去的事情)
Don't forget to come earlier next time.(forget to do 忘记要做的事情)
She doesn't want(need) to come.(want 想)
The house wants(needs) cleaning.(want 后接doing主语一定是物)
Try knocking at the back door if nobody hears you at the front door.(try doing 试一试)
We must try to finish the assignment before the boss comes back.(try to do 设法做某事)
Failing in the exam means waiting for another year.(mean doing 意味着)
I meant to help you.(mean to do 打算做某事)
He stopped smoking last week.(stop doing 停止某事)
He stopped to smoke after he finished this article.(stop to do 停下来开始做另外一件事)
My good friend told me that I shouldn't go on living like that.(go on doing 继续做某事)
Having visited the Tiananmen Square, the tourist guide went on to show us around the city.(go on to do 接下来干另一件事)
3.动名词的逻辑主语
动名词的逻辑主语说明动名词所表示的动作是谁做的。物主代词、人称代词宾格、名词、名词所有格都可以作动名词的逻辑主语。
Do you mind my reading your book?(比较：Do you mind reading the book?)
Do you think there will be any chance of my seeing him again?
I remember mother once mentioning about it.
She hates people losing their tempers.(lose one's temper 发脾气)
She insisted on their both attending the meeting.
The baby's crying annoyed its mother.
4.动名词的被动式、完成式
构成： being + 过去分词。当动名词的逻辑主语或句子的主语是动名词所表示的动作的承受者时，动名词要用被动形式。
The problem is far from being settled.
My five-year-old son didn't mind being left at home the whole morning.
I couldn't bear being made fun of like that. (bear 容忍;make fun of 取笑)
The child avoided being sent to school by running away quickly.(avoid doing sth.)
当动名词表示的动作发生在谓语表示的动作之前时，动名词要用完成式。构成：having+过去分词。
She denied having shot the bird.
He was praised for having made such a great contribution to the factory.(make a contribution to 对……做贡献)
I apologize for not having kept my promise.
We have no idea of his having been in the army for three years.
I don't remember having ever been given a chance to try this method.(remeber doing 记得过去发生的事情;动名词完成时被动式，构成为：having been + 过去分词。)
在want, need, deserve , require, be worth, 等动词后，尽管表示的是被动的意思，却用动名词的主动形式。
My pen needs filling.
The question requires studying with great care.
Who needs looking after?
The place is worth visiting.
1. He used to ______ the first to arrive and the last to leave.
A. is B. was C. being D. be
used to +动词原型
答案 B
2. She ______ eat so many sweet things.
A. used to not B. never used
C. didn't use to D. didn't use
答案 C
3. Mr. Brown often wears a heavy coat because he is not used _____ in such a cold climate.
A. to live B. to living C. live D. lived
答案 B
4. I like Jean but I don't like _______.
A. her sing B. her singing C. she sing D. she singing
动名词的逻辑主语可以由物主代词和名词代替。
答案 B
5. "Why is Fred so upset?"
"He isn't used ______ criticized."
A. be B. to be C. to being D. having been
答案 C
6. Do you remember _______ to Professor Smith during your last visit?
A. to be introduced B. being introduced
C. having introduced D. to have introduced
答案 B
主动语态中介绍某人 introduce sb. to sb.
7. "Is George really leaving the university?"
"Yes. But would you mind _______ to anyone?"
A. not mentioning it B. not to mention it
C. not mention it D. not to mentioning it
答案 A
8. It's no use _______ to get a bargain these days.
A. to expect B. expected C. expecting D. to be expecting
it is no use doing
答案 C
9. She is looking forward as much to his return as he himself to _______ her.
A. have seen B. see C. seeing D. be seen
答案 C
10. It's no use ________ your chickens before they are hatched.
A. counting B. count C. to count D. of counting
蛋未孵勿先数;不要过早乐观
答案 A
(二)动名词
在句子中可以作主语、表语、定语、宾语。考生应特别注意有些动词。如mind, enjoy, avoid后面作宾语的只能是动名词，而有些只能是不定式，有些如remember, forget, stop 既可接动名词又可接不定式，但意义有差别。
1.Would you mind ________ a little less noise?
A. to make B. make C. making D. to have made
(答案 C)
2.I remember ________ her at a party last weekend.
A. to meet B. meeting C. having met D. to have
met(答案 B)
3.You must remember _________ back the umbrella tomorrow.
A. to bring B. bringing C. having brought D. to have
brought(答案 A)
(三)分词
1.现在分词与过去分词的区别
现在分词表示主动或表示动作正在进行。
China is a developing country.
His words made me thinking a lot.
过去分词表示被动或动作已经完成。
The United States is a developed country.
There was so much noise that the speaker couldn't make himself heard.
2.分词的用法
分词在句子中可以作定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语。
Who is the woman standing by the door?(定语)
The girl dressed in white is my sister.(定语)
A letter posted today will probably reach in the day after towmorrow.(定语)
The theory sounds quite convincing. (表语 物作主语表语是ing的形式，人作表语分词用ed的形式。)
She seemed quite delighted at the idea. (表语)
Working in this way, they greatly reduced the cost.(状语)
Not even pausing to put on the coat, I ran out of the door.(状语)
Built in Ming Dynasty, the bridge is over 800 years old.(状语)
Do you see a boy running towards us?(宾语补足语)
(感官动词如：see, hear, feel, watch 后可跟动名词，也可跟不定式，但意思有区别。Do you see a boy run towards us? )
You'd better have your shoes mended.(宾语补足语，have sth. done 让别人作某事)
If students are caught cheating in exams, they will be kicked out of school. (宾语补足语，(kick sb. out of sth.: 驱赶某人。They knocked him out (of the club) for fighting. )
实义动词have后面可以接三种形式作宾语补足语：现在分词，过去分词，省略to的不定式。
have接现在分词(表示持续的动作)
The hunters had the fire burning all the night in the woods.
have接过去分词(表示被动)
My mother had her hair cut as soon as she finished her work.
Liping had two of his teeth knocked out in the fight at school.
have接省略to的不定式(表示"让某人干某事")。
The teacher always has us recite texts.
3.分词作状语
与谓语动词相比，作状语的分词表示的都是比较次要的动作。它可以表示时间、条件和原因，也可以说明谓语动作发生的背景，描述谓语动作的状况或伴随谓语动作发生的情况。
They sat facing each other.(伴随)
She left the hall still weeping.(伴随)
Insisting that we were not tired , we urged him to go on.(urge要求，让)
分词变否定，在分词前加not。
Not knowing his address, we couldn't get in touch with him.(get in touch with sb.和某人保持联系，原因)
Seeing those pictures, I couldn't help thinking of the days we spent together. (时间)
Absorbed in the work, he neglected food and sleep. (背景)
He soon fell asleep, exhausted by the journey.(原因)
Seen from the hill, the city looks magnificent. (条件)
分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语一般就是句子的主语，逻辑主语无需表达出来。当两者不一致时，分词的逻辑主语应明确表达出来。
She rushed into the room, her face covered with sweat.
Weather permitting, we'll have a picnic tomorrow.
Her eyes dimmed with tears, she did not see her mother enter.(dim 模糊)
All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours.
(be of value=be valuable)
4. 现在分词的完成式与被动式
当分词表示的动作发生在谓语表示的动作之前时，分词应用完成式。构成：having +过去分词。
Having finished his homework, the boy began to watch TV.
Not having made adequate preparations, they thought it better to postpone the work till next week.
The guest having left, they continued their discussion.
在表示被动的含义时，如果该动作此刻正在进行，或与谓语表示的动作同时发生，就要用现在分词的被动形式。构成：being+过去分词。
The building being repaired is our library.
You'll find the topic being talked about everywhere.
过去分词和现在分词的被动式都可以表示被动，试比较下面两例，看一看两者之间的区别。
Do you know anything about the meeting being held in Beijing?(会议正在进行)
Do you know anything about the meeting held in Beiing?(会议已经结束)
现在分词被动式表示正在干什么，过去分词被动式表示已经发生的事。
(三)分词
1. When I returned home, I found the window open and a number of things _____.
A. to steal B. stealing C. stolen D. missed
东西用miss要用现在分词。
答案 C
2. Not too many years ago, it was an ______ experience to travel 25 or 50 miles from home.
A. excited B. exciting C. excitement D. excitingly
答案 B
3. Some of the guests _______ to the party were from other cities.
A. to invite B. invited C. being invited D. had been invited
invite sb.邀请别人
答案 B
4. The telephone was invented in 1876 by a man _______ Alexander Graham Bell.
A. named B. naming C. that names D. who named
D的正确答案为：who was named)
答案 A
5. ________ the room, the teacher laid the instrument on the device.
A. Entering B. To enter C. Having entered D. Having been entered
答案 C
6. _______ the street, he was knocked down by a car.
A. While crossing B. While crossed
C. Being crossing D. Being crossed
答案 A
7. The doctor soon made the _______ patient feel at ease.
A. worried B. worrying C. worry D. worries
答案 A
8. He spoke clearly in order to _______.
A. make him understanding B. make him understand
C. make himself understood D. make himself understand
答案 C
9. I am ______ to hear that a man of your age and with such good sense should talk in this way.
A. astonish B. astonishing C. astonished D. to astonish
答案 C
10. The cinema, _______ last month, is very popular, especially among the young people in the town.
A. opened B. to open C. opens D. having opened
D的正确答案为having been opened
答案 A
(三)分词
考试重点：考生应特别注意现在分词与过去分词的区别，区别这两类分词的标准主要有两点：
(1)看动词所表示的动作是主动的还是被动的，主动的用现在分词，反之用过去分词。
(2)看动作是正在进行还是已经完成，动作正在进行用现在分词，动作已经完成用过去分词。如：
1.She found her husband surrounded by letters and papers and ________ very worried.
A. look B. to look C. looks D. looking
(答案 D)
2.Water ________ into vapor by the sun falls as rain.
A. turns B. turned C. turning D. is turned(答案 B)
3.China is a _______ country while the U.S. is a _________ country.
A. developed ; developed B. developing ; developed
C. developing ; developing D. developed ; developing
(答案 B)
