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but/however
这两个连词都有“但是,可是,然而”之意。but连接两个分句或有关部分,表示转折或逻辑上的对比关系,使用最广,口语中更为常见。如:
We love peace but we are not afraid of war.我们热爱和平,但我们并不害怕战争。
however转折意味比but弱,连接的两个分句或有关部分的关系较为松弛,后一部分常起附带说明或衬托作用。however常以插入语形式出现在句子中间,前后用逗号隔开,也可置于句首或句末。如:
Later,however,he decided to go.可是后来他决定去了。
l by oneself;oneself
by oneself=alone,without help。强调“在无他人或他物的情况下”或“无帮助的情况下”;
oneself作同位语,表示强调本人。
试比较:
If you come to my house,I’ll cook for you myself.
如果你来我家,我将亲自下厨。(强调亲手为你做饭)
Can you cook by yourself now? 你现在能单独做饭了吗?(强调无他人协作)
l by sea;by the sea
by sea意为“走海路;坐轮船”,其中by表示乘坐交通工具或行走方式,by与名词间不可用冠词;by the sea意为“在海边”,其中by表示“在……旁边”,by与后面的名词间常有冠词修饰。如:
They will go to America by sea. 他们将坐轮船去美国。
There is a small village by the sea.海边有个小村庄。
请比较下面类似有这样区别的短语:
by ship 乘船 by a ship 在一艘轮船旁边
by land 从陆路 by the land 在岸边(在陆地旁边)
by taxi 乘出租车 by the taxi 在出租车旁边
by road 从陆路 by the road 在路边
C
catch sb.doing sth; be (get) caught in sth.
catch sb.doing sth.作“碰(遇)上某人正在做某事”解。例如:
The policeman caught two men fighting in the street.警察碰见两个人在街上打架。
The man was caught stealing the apples.那人偷苹果时,被当场发现。
be (get) caught in sth.“遇上……而受阻”之意。例如:
I got caught in the traffic.我因交通堵塞而受阻。
I was caught in a storm on my way to school.我在去学校的路上遇到了暴雨。
care about; care for; care; care to
care about“关心;计较;在乎”,指由于某事重要,或因责任所在而关心计较,一般用于否定句。如:
He doesn't care about his clothes.他不讲究衣着。
I don't care about going there.去不去那里,我无所谓。
care for“关心;照料;喜欢;愿意”。作“关心;照料”讲,一般用于肯定句或疑问句。如:
Who will care for your children when you are away﹖ 你离开期间谁照顾你的孩子?
How the Party cares for us! 党是多么关心我们啊!
Would you care for a walk? 你愿意去散步吗?
He cares more for fine new clothes than for anything else. 他喜爱漂亮的新衣胜于其他的一切。
care还可作及物动词,但其后通常接从句。如:
I don't care who you are.我不管你是谁。
I don't care what you say.不论你说什么,我都不在乎。
care to“愿意,欲望”,后接动词原形。如:
I don’t care to go there.我不愿意去那里。
carry off; carry away; carry out
表示“运走”;“掠走”,用carry off或carry away均可。但两者也有不同之处:carry off可表示“夺得”某种奖赏;carry away可表示“吸引住”。如:
After destroying the village, the enemy carried off/away all the cattle.
在毁掉村子之后,敌人把牲畜都掠走了。
I carried off the first prize.我获得了头等奖。
We were carried away by her songs.她的歌声令我们浑然忘我。
carry out的意思是“搬出(某物)”;“履行(计划或义务等)”。如:
Would you please carry out the desk into the garden﹖ 请你把桌子搬到花园里去好吗?
You must carry out your duty. 你必须履行你的职责。
carry out; carry on
注意两者的区别:carry out意为“执行、实行”;carry on表示“(继续)进行、进行下去”,强调坚持。如:
The group of soldiers carried out a secret military action the other day.
几天前,这群士兵执行了一次秘密的军事行动。
Comrades in Germany were carrying on a heroic fight against war under conditions of fascism at that time.
那时,在德国的同志正在法西斯的统治区进行一场英勇的反战斗争。
cause; reason; excuse
cause意为“起因”、“原因”,指引起某种结果的必然原因,即主要事实方面的原因,常和effect连用,表示因果关系。如:
I don’t know the cause and effect.我不知道此事的前因后果。
The cause of the fire was carelessness.失火的原因是粗心大意。
reason意为“理由”、“原因”,指用以解释某些已发生的事情的理由或借口,这种理由可能是也可能不是真正的理由,强调逻辑推理方面的理由。如:
There are many reasons for animals dying out.动物的绝种有许多原因。
Tell us your reason for changing the plan.告诉我们你改变计划的原因。
excuse指为免受指责和推卸责任而找的“理由”、“原因”?也就是我们常说的“借口”。如:
Too much work is no excuse for absence.工作太忙不能成为缺席的理由。
I haven’t done the work well,my excuse is that I have been ill. 我没把工作做好,我的理由是我病了。
cheer/greet/welcome
cheer意为“欢呼”,侧重表示高声呼叫以示欢迎,强调气氛的活跃,常含鼓励之意。如:
The boys cheered their football team.孩子们为他们的足球队喝彩。
greet表示用语言、行动等“迎接”,常含“友好、热情、亲切”之意。如:
We greeted our guests at the gate. 我们在大门口迎接客人。
welcome常表示“欢迎新人、新事、新主张”等。如:
We welcome the new ideas. 我们欢迎新思想。
clear away, clear up, clear off
clear away表示“清除掉”、“收拾掉”、“散掉”、“消散”;clear up表示“露出(喜色)”、“(天气)放晴”、“清理”、“整理”;clear off表示“走开”、“离开”。
[EXERCISES]
1) We must ____ such ideas among ourselves.
2) She ____ her desk before she moved to another school.
3) The sky looks as if it would ____ soon.
4) ____ before I call the police.
5) His face ____ when he read the letter.
Key: 1) clear away 2) cleared up 3) clear up 4) Clear off 5) cleared up
close;closely
close, closely这两个词都可以用作副词,close表示“靠近”、“紧紧地”,closely则表示“紧密地”、“严密地”、“密切地”。如:
I went closer, and saw clearly a tall man in the moonlight.
Come close, I want to tell you something important.
The policeman followed the strange man closely.
The scientists got closely in touch with the astronauts.
come up; come on; come out
come up常表示位置“上升”;从水中或 土中“冒出”;芽苗等“长出”;“引起注意、被提出”等。如:
The seeds haven’t come up. 种子还没发芽。
Your question came up at the meeting.你的问题在会上被提出来讨论。
come on 常用来催促别人,意为“加油、加快”,也可表示“来临、袭击”。如:
I can feel a headache coming on.我觉得头痛了。
come out常表秘密等“传出、被获悉”,书籍等的“出版”;“结果是”。如:
When will her new book come out﹖ 她的新书什么时候出版?
The answer to the math problem came out wrong. 这道数学题的结果错了。
complete; finish
finish是普通用语,用得比较广泛,可作及物动词或不及物动词,多用来指“完成”一项任务或活动,后面可接名词、代词或-ing,不接不定式。例如:
Have you finished your work﹖ 你的工作完成了吗?
He finished writing the letter last night.这封信他是昨晚完成的。
complete一般用作及物动词,用法较正式,通常用来表示完成某个计划、理想、事业、工程、建筑、书籍及作品等,后面可接名词或代词,不接-ing或不定式。例如:
He’s never completed a project on time. 他从未按时完成过计划。
The bridge is not completed yet. 这座桥至今尚未完工。
表示完成学业、精细的工作、吃完某物及在被动结构中表示“一切都完了;没希望了”等意时,均用finish。例如:
He finished school in 1991. 他1991年从学校毕业。
The wood-work is beautifully finished. 这件木器做得很精细。
注意:complete a book的意思是“写完一本书”;finish a book意为“看完一本书”。
common ordinary general 都含“普通的”意思。
common强调“常见的”、“ 不足为奇的”,
如:Colds are common in winter.感冒在冬天很常见。
ordinary强调“平常的”、“平淡无奇的”,
如:His ordinary supper consists of only bread and milk. 他通常的晚餐不过是面包和牛奶。
general意为“普遍的”、“一般的”,
如:This book is intended for the general reader, not for the specialist.
这本书是为一般读者写的, 不是为专家写的。
normal指“正常的”、“正规的”、“常态的”,
如:the normal temperature of the human body 人的正常体温
compare…with; compar…to; compared with/to
compare…with意为“把……与……相比”,侧重指两者间的区别。
如:Compare this car with that one, and you will find the differences between them.
把这辆汽车与那辆汽车相比较,你就会发现它们之间的区别。
compare…to…意为“把……比作……”,着重注意两者间的相似点。如:
This song compares our country to a big family.这首歌把我们的国家比作一个大家庭。
compare既可以单独用作及物动词,也可用作不及物动词。用作不及物动词时,以compare with…形式出现,表示“与……相比”。如:
Living here can’t compare with living in Shanghai.在这儿生活不能和在上海(生活)相比。
If you compare the two words, you can tell the difference between them.
如果你比较这两个单词,你就会辨别出它们之间的不同。
compared with…和compared to…都可用作状语,意义基本相同,可互换。如:
Compared to/with him, you are lucky. 与他相比,你是幸运的。
It was a small town then, compared to/with what it is now. 和现在比起来,那时它还是个小镇。
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